Doctor Faustus: As a Tragic hero

Ami C. Jani

Roll no. – 41

SEM – I

Paper no – 1

Year – 2010-11

Topic: Doctor Faustus: As a Tragic hero

Submitted to Mr. Jay Mehta

Department of English,

Bhavnagar University.

____________________________________________________

 Christopher Marlow was the greatest of Shakespeare’s predecessors.  He was born in 1564 and he may be regarded as the true founder of English dramas. He wrote four romantic tragedies and Dr. Faustus is considered the best of his four plays. All the four plays of Marlow including “Dr. Faustus”, are character based romantic tragedies. They could be seen as case studies. The titles of one play refer to the protagonist round whom all the event of the revolve. Dr. Faustus is no exception to it. The play could be interpreted from various angles. Some critic regards the moral tragedy of Dr. Faustus.

The tragical history of Dr. Faustus normally known simply as Dr. Faustus, is play by Christopher Marlow, based on the Faustus story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. Dr. Faustus was first published in 1604.

Faustus is a sort of personage of whom Aristotle would have approved as the hero of the tragedy and at length enumerates the different components of the tragedy. Among them he talks about the attributes about the hero. 

Looking at the requirements mentioned above, the character of Dr. Faustus fulfills all the demands of Aristotle needed for the tragic hero. It is true that Dr. Faustus is not a noble by birth and does not belongs to the royal family but through is hard work and studies nature he has succeeded in gaining dignified social status. 

A brilliant man, who seems to have reached the limits of natural knowledge. Faustus is a scholar of the early 16^th century in German city of Wittenburg. He is arrogant fiery and possesses a thirst for knowledge. As an intellectual, Faustus is familiar with things not, normally considered academic subjects by today’s universities. Faustus decides to sell his soul to the devil in exchange for earthly power and knowledge and additional 24 years of life. He waste this time on self indulgence and law tricks. Faustus is the absolute center of the play which has few truly developed characters.

“Dr. Faustus ” is the tragic hero of Marlow’s famous play and he meets his inevitable doom due to the tragic flaw in his character on the conception of the of the Greek hero of the classical tragedy that is always dignified possessing an important social status. So it is the case with Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero, he feels the compulsion to realize himself fully in the face of all the odes, and test of his heroism is the degree of the risk he is willing to take. Thus the cause of the fear of the all the odes, and test of his heroism is the degree of the risk, he is willing to take. Thus the cause of the fear of the hero does not lie without but it is within. Dr. Faustus’ action is sinful because he has selected the study of necromancy putting aside all other studied with his wrong decision and tragic fall begins. Dr. Faustus represents himself as a man of flesh and blood and takes the risk face the consequences of his action. The meaning of the play refers to the total yield of the situation into which Faustus walks of his own free will. Then onwards in the pursuit of knowledge and power exhibit arrogance and inpatient Marlow free to range forbidden realism. Thus, Dr. Faustus becomes unscrarial or negatively bold and intervenes the design of the almighly God. His risky, lusty nature and his fearlessness could be identified as the cause of his tragedy. He offers his soul to Lucifer for 24 year his heart’s desire and this single error deviates Dr. Faustus from the right path of life. He lives out 24 years as the first modern tragic man part delivered, part undelivered wavering between independence and dependence upon God. Now arrogance and worried justified. All these contradictions found in the personalities of Dr. Faustus lead him to a tragic fall. He is forced constantly to renew his chase between two alternatives.

Through the prologue we come to know that Chorus tell us what type of play Dr. Faustus is, Dr. Faustus is not about war and country love but about Faustus who was born of lower class parents. This can be seen as a departure from the medieval tradition. Faustus holds a lower status man king and saints but his story is still worm telling. It gives an introduction to his wisdom and abilities and during this opening we also get first clue to the scarce of Faustus’s down fall. Faustus who flew too close to the sun melted his waxen wings. This is indeed a hint to Faustus’s end as well as bringing our attention to the idea of bringing our attention to the idea of excessive pride which is represented in the I cures story. 

Faustus comments that he has reached the end of every subject, he has studies. He appreciates logic as being of tool for arguing medicine as being unvalued unless it allowed raising the dead and immortality law as being upstanding as useless because he feels all humans commit sin. Thus to have sins punished by deam complicate the logic of divinity. He dismissed it as.. 

“What doctrine call you this? Que sera, sera..

What will be, shall be”

He calls upon his servant wringer to bring from Valdes and Cornelius, two famous magicians. The good and the bad angle dispense their own perspective of this interest in Satan Valdes and declare that if Faustus devotes himself to magic, he must vow not to study anything else and points out that great things are indeed possible with someone of Faustus standing.

Faustus absence is noted by two scholars who are less accomplished than Faustus himself. They requests that Wagner reveal Faustus’s present to location request which Wagner laughingly denies. The two scholars worry about Faustus feeling deep into the art of magic and leave to inform the king.

Faustus summons or devil in the presence of Lucifer and other devils.  All though Faustus is unaware of it. After treating  a magic circle and speaking an incantation, Faustus sees a devil named Mephistophills appear before him. Faustus is unable to tolerate the hideous look of devil and commands it to change its appearance. He tries to bind the devil to his service. Mephistophills is already serves Lucifer – the prince of devils. Mephistophills also reveals that is way not Faustus’s power that summoned him but rather that if anyone abjures the scriptures it results in the devil coming to claim their soul.

Mephistophills introduce the history or Lucifer and the Other while indirectly feeling Faustus that they has no circumference and is more of a state of mind than a physician location. Faustus inquiries into the nature of hell of Mephistophills saying 

“Oh, Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, which striker a terror to my fainting soul”. 

Faustus realize the amount of power that he gain from being a necromancer, so he tells Mephistophills to return to hell and tell Satan that he will sell his soul to him for twenty four years of absolute power. Satan agrees to this, telling Faustus to sign the bargain in blood. Faustus does so even after good angel appears to him trying to convince him not to so and several omens appear which warm him not to make the bound. 

As the play draws to its climax Faustus beginning to realize what he has done and that death, which he once thought didn’t exists, is indeed his ultimate destiny. Several times he is given the hint that he should repent to God. 

For example, 

An old man enters towards the end of the play and informs Faustus that it is not too late to repent because he himself was once a sinner but repented. Faustus still doesn’t listen, finally as the clock strikes twelve upon his hour of destiny. Many ugly devils appeared and drag him off as he finally scrams for mercy.

Faustus died a death that could bear to imagine, much less experience. After knowing for many years when exactly he would die, he reached the stroke of the hour of his destiny in a cowardly, horrid demeanor. Finally, when the devils appeared at his flesh as they draw him into his eternal torment. He screams for mercy without a soul, not even God himself, to help him. However, what to considered Doctor John Faustus from Christopher Marlow’s dramatic masterpiece. The tragical history of the life and death of Doctor Faustus is a very debatable issue. 

For example, 

Therefore, inevitably, the audience in his play should realize that Faustus was a great man who did many great things but because of his hubris and lack of vision, he died the most tragic heroes. 

After finishing reading or seeing this play, one can argue that Faustus was a renaissance hero. In fact, some argues that this play optimizes the ideals of the renaissance : egocentrism and the over – indigence of knowledge. “The lust for power” that led him to the excess of the renaissance. Because Faustus gave his life and soul to Satan himself, for me sake of gaining a greater knowledge is proof that he is a renaissance hero. He rebels against the limitations set forth by medial ideals and makes a contact for knowledge and power. Faustus, like every other renaissance man, tries to prove that man can rise above  the current set of limitations.

Faustus does go to extreme by chamehing damnation in order to gain his knowledge; however, he is considered tragic and God himself is seem as the bad guy because he set forth limitation on knowledge and makes man suffer internal damnation when trying to exceed those limitations. 

Conclusion : 

Faustus was indeed a tragic hero many scholars and liernes experts may debate that, because this play was written in the renaissance , atmosphere in the intended that Dr. Faustus be seen as a martyr trying to attain that which was forbidden to man in a time when doing so was the Nobel thing to do. This is however, Dr. Faustus was a hero through and through, and the way that he presents himself in the play is solid evidence for this. To begin with, he feels that he can justify his turning to witchcraft and necromancy by his gaining of all other knowledge. The irony here is that he never did or he would have realize that even after he had committed blasphemy by conjuring spirits, he could have turned back to God. He also is tragic hero because of his method of using his new power. 

Finally, he proved his tragic nature by certain laws and rules that God set aside for all of mankind. Faustus knew his limitations, and thus by trying to break those he denied himself to eternal torment. Ironically, Faustus could have been the most incredible human being who ever lived. 

If he had repented, the world would have seen that God is truly merciful because her forgave such a blasphemous heainen as Faustus. Faustus could have become an example for all of mankind and proven that is he could be forgiven. However, because he was stubborn, ignorant and blind, he refused to see that he was never truly damned until he was drag by the devil into the heart of hell itself.

Oedipus Rex as a Greek Tragedy

Assignment Paper- V

Oedipus Rex as a Greek Tragedy
 

Student Name : Jani Amita C.
Roll No : 41
Batch : 2010-11

Submitted to : Jay Mehta (Department of Engish)
                          Bhavnagar University

Convention Of Greek Drama :

• The most important convention of the Greek stage was the wearing of masks with attached wigs by al performers.
• The elaborate costumes worn by the actors and chorus members were often the most striking visual element.
• Staging was usually limited to the painted background behind the stage.
• Greek tragedies are all set out side. So the background usually depicted the exterior of the main character’s residence in the case of the Oedipus Rex. The place of Oedipus and the shrine to Apollo in front of it.
• The action of a Greek tragedy takes place in a single day, so “changes of scene” are rare and props are kept to a minimum.
• In addition to the chorus and the three actors, mute character could also appear on stage as needed.
• In front of the stage which was not raised from the ground as in modern theaters, was a circular area called the orchestra, in which the chorus performed its dances.
• The plays followed a fairly strict structure with a prologue, the entrance of the chorus and them several episodes separated by choral odes.
• The dialogue of the plays is written in meter, but was spoken, like the plays of Shakespeare, whereas the choral odes were written in a more complicated meter for the chorus to sing and dance.
• The plays also include a Kommos, in which the main character lament in song with the chorus.
• All in all, the form of Greek tragedy somewhat resembles a cross between Shakespeare and opera.

Predestination in Oedipus Rex : 

Same people says that there is no way to control your own life, that your life has been planned out for your ahead of time and there is nothing you can do to escape this fate. Others believe that your life is a matter of choice and what happens to your during your life is a result of your actions. The story of Oedipus Rex by Sophocles seems to prove truth in both of the statements that there is a life predetermined for you yet you can alter your life, but you cannot escape your prophecy.

The power of Fate in Oedipus the king :

The Greek tragedy Oedipus the king, by Sophocles was written to show the common people of Greece, how powerful the gods are and that your fate is pre-determined and nothing you do can change that. He does by showing how people in this story try to escape their fate and how it is no use because in the end, what the oracles predict comes true. In the story there are many occasions in which people try to escape their fate.

The first time that one of the characters in the story tries to escape their fate is when Jocasta and Laius have a child. After the oracles tell Jocasta and Laius of their fate, Jocasta and Laius try to get rid of their new born baby by sending him off to a shepherd who in turn will put the baby on a mountain to die. However in the end their child, Oedipus becomes a prince of another city any ends up killing his father (Laius) in an alteration and marries his mother (Jocasta).

Another example is when Oedipus tries to run away from those who he thinks are his real parents because he does not want to kill his father or marry his mother. However he ends up doing so when he meets his real father in an intersection of three roads and kills him. The third example is where Oedipus continues on his journey to escape his fate and comes across the sphinx and it was said that whatever could solve the riddle of the sphinx would become king of Thebes. Oedipus solved the riddle and became king thus marrying the queen of Thebes who was his real mother. By doing this he committed what he tried to get away from. In the end of the story, when Oedipus and his wife mother find out that the prediction of the oracles has cane true, Jocusta kills herself and Oedipus kills himself when he see his mother wife dead. This part of the tragedy is to show that if you try to escape your fate you will be punished by the Gods.

In conclusion by the three examples that were provide above it is clear that the purpose of this Greek tragedy was to show how fate cannot be escaped and that your destiny is planned by the Gods and nothing you do to change it. This also shows that although you may know you r destiny, you cannot do anything to change it and if you do you will be punished by the Gods.

Edipus And His human Destiny : 

                The author presents an analysis of the Greek insight of Oedipus, after Sophocles Oedipus Rex. This analysis considers that, in addition to an circular destiny determined by deity, Oedipus realize his own human destiny, which is the very conquest of me knowledge of his own identity. The author relates such a conquest to the psychoanalytic work which enables each individual to get in touch with his deepest motivation and to develop a better self consciousness.

                One of the most commonly seen straits among the character that make up the Greek mythology is the violence which permeates their relationship have experienced such radical changes as Oedipus. He is one of the most touching figures of Greek mythology. No character seems to be displayed with such clarity and emphasis on his weaknesses and noble human trails like him. He was worked in a very special way by Sophocles in two tragedies , Oedipus Rex and Oedipus in colono. The genius of Sophocles gives him a universal dimension, applicable epochs and to all men. Oedipus fights against himself in a battle which he cannot win. He presents me tragedy of a man’s encounter with his own truth.

                Apollo is the God behind the conspiration involving Oedipus. Oracular God, hides what he reveals through his oracles “Yes, he will kill his father and marry his mother”, but she she does not answer the question “Who am I son of ?” and Oedipus does not realize that he is heading to meet the destiny he through he was swindling. This journey of intense, loneliness, in which Oedipus has to confront the horrot of his recent discovery, does not assuage his violent temperament, does not impede that in a road fork which was long waiting for him he kills an unknown man, his father Laius. If also does not prevent him, further along, to use his sharp intelligence to solve an enigma that has already caused horrible death to many, enigma sang by a blood thirsty hybrid monster. What better reward to the person who saved a whole than marry him to a recently widow queen - Jocasta, his mother,  whom he does not know – then turn his into the beloved king of Thebes, his hometown, and then make it prosper ? But not for a long time. Apollo was said ! “A crime was committed and someone had to be punished”. The first unreal, a few years later, was the killer plague. The Apollineam Oracle consulted, answered that in order for them to get rid of the plague a price would have to be paid to discover who killed Laius. Oedipus starts to investigate while Apollo laughs!

                The path chosen by Oedipus to satisfy Apollo’s wish was described by Sophocle. Each dialogue, each passage, each little change in the dramatic developments all are full with ambiguities, ironies, contrasts, showing how fragile man is before the power of God, the superior power of the Gods who entertain themselves of ambiguous Apollo, Ambiguity is the tonic! It happens in many parts throughout the plays. Through the oracles, Apollo is master of the enigmas, challenges man to escape from what is destines to. In that sense, Colli, comments that :

                “For the Greeks, the creation of an enigma curries in itself tremendous hostility.”

                The god here does not directly induce all the hero’s actions, as if frequently found in Homeric poetry. The tragedy of the fifth century brought this evolution in the way of analyzing the relationship between the greek Gods and man. Giving the latter more freedom of action, Oedipus is reduced to the most dignified pitiful creature one can imagine.

                Up to a certain point in the drama, Oedipus is completely in capable of realizing what is happening around him, Oedipus leads an investigation which in reality is like a quagmire, in which he slowly sinks, until he realize that he is the victim of the plot he was trying to uncover. Oedipus wants to know who he is? Where he come from? Who his parents are? in his own words..

“How could I ever in the issue prove other – that I should leave my birth unknown ?”

                His arrogance constantly present during the investigation, which blinds him when he erroneously in turrets the oracle of his origin, which leads him to the extreme action of killing the unknown traveler, his arrogance is his doom. Oedipus did not know who he was, though believed he did. The through his words is a great inreal to the knowledge Oedipus has of himself.

                Oedipus is blind to what cannot be perceived by the senses, but feels that something needs to be clarified when he discover the thuth about himself, he punctures both his eyes but only then he can see. His blindness is illuminated by the light of truth. The darkness to which he sentences himself to live in is strongly bright. Oedipus was unable to solve the most pressing enigma : he did not understand that he himself was the answer to the enigma. Oedipus has to make contact with something monstrous. With his shield that everything distorted, Oedipus needed to make the discovery this way.  Oedipus is able to evolve change himself. As he uncovers his destiny.

Oedipus – The Tragic Hero :

                In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is a classic tragic hero. According to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus is a tragic hero because he is a king whose life falls apart when he finds out his life story. Here are number of characteristic described by Aristotle that identifies a tragic hero. For example.

                A tragic hero must cause his own downfall, his fate is not deserved and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. Oedipus is in love with his idealized self.

                All of above characteristics make Oedipus a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy and a narcissist. Using Oedipus as an ideal model, Aristotle says that as tragic hero must be an important or influential man who makes an error in judgment, and who must then suffer the consequences of his actions. The tragic hero must learn a lesson from his errors in judgment and becomes an example to the audience of what happens when great mean fall from their lofty social or political positions According to miller a person who is great who is admired everywhere and needs this admiration to admires himself, his qualities, such as beauty, cleverness and talents, and his success and achievements greatly.

Conclusion :

                Through the tragedy of Oedipus Rex, Sophocles has presented his belief that all people are travelling on a predestined path, a path that cannot be avoided no matter what actions are taken to avoid following the destiny. This concept was readily acceptable in a ancient Greek society where it was believed that Gods constemtly interfered in the lives of humans, making them do whatever they saw fit. The difference between Oedipus situation and the lives of people today is that Oedipus and knowledge of his destiny through the in using of various prophety, a common reference point in ancient Greece and fate is a theme that often occurs in Greek writing, tragedies in particular.

Gulliver's Travells as an Allegory

Ami C. Jani

Roll no. – 41

SEM – I

Paper no. – 4

Year – 2010-11

Topic: Gulliver’s Travels as an allegory

Submitted to Miss Ruchira Dudharejiya

Department of English,

Bhavnagar University.

____________________________________________________

                         

Jonathan Swift was born in 17^th century and he contributed to the 18^th century prose by writing essays. Satire is the powerful weapon of swift and he attacks the social institution of his times directly in his works. Apart from being a man of letters, swift was active in the politics of his time. King George-I those ruled the British empire in those days. There were two powerful parties known as Whigs and Tory. The king George-I favored the Whigs and in the beginning Swift supported the king George-I and also the Whig But later, he became the victim of the king’s indifluence and anger, He then started writing for me Tories. Apart from the politics in religions also, there was the constant conflict between Catholics and Protestants. Swift started thinking negatively about everything and his cynicism could be traced out from his works. His satire is always sharp, sometimes bitter and it real pessimistic vision of swift.

                There is something ill or corrupted or morbid in his satire. Unlike the innocent harmless sunny satire of Addition and Steels, Swifts satire creates adverse effect in our minds. In his pamphlet he recommends with ironic seriousness that every Irish woman should produce children for the Englishman’s fable. Irois is a literary device by which an author uses words or expressions in which he more or less the exact opposite of what he intends to convey. Their very contrariness is intended to shock the reader, while highlight their real meaning. Swift exposed the pathetic state of the Irish peasant whose only solution to poverty would be able to see their children as delicacies for the English nobleman’s fable.

                Swift took the holy orders and was ordained a priest of the Anglian church. He wrote a witty allegory on the religious controversy of the time entitled “A Tale of a Tub”. An allegory is a literary device which consists of the use of symbol to express a deeper meaning. Serious ideas are symbolically conveyed satire through a simple fable or parable.

                Although swift was cynical about women and skeptical of human relationships, a biographical study reveals his deep attachment to two young women, Esther Johnson and Esther Vanhomrigh addressed by him as Stella and Vanessa. This private correspondence with Esther Thomson, published as a journal to Stella reveals the depth of his affection and the warmth and humor of Swift - the man.

                Swift’s greatest literary work is GUlliver’s Travels published in 1728 although Swift professed to hate the species called “man”, he loved individuals GUlliver’s Travels, apart from its great merit as a classic for children, is a satire on human nature though swift posed as a cynic and misanthrope and his satire was harsh and bitter, he was steadfast in his concern for humanity and was honest as a critic. The principle aim of GULLIVER’S TRAVELS instructs and correct through ridicule, irony and sarcasm. The book exposes with great intensity, the ugliness of human nature, the conceit, pride and cruelty but the underlying tone is consistently one of compassion a desire to instruct humanity and put them on the right path of Christianity.

                An allegory is a literary prose or verse which is structured in such a way that its meaning could be read on two levels - a primary or literal level and a secondary and more complex level. An allegory is defined as a narrative in which the characters plot, setting and occasion while making sense in themselves also signify a second layer of meaning where they point at another set of people, events and setting either from me writer’s social thilier or recent historical events. It is a figurative mode of representation where ideas are conveyed through symbolism and metaphor. Swift uses satire to highlight the allegorical elements in his tales and thus the allegory functions as an excellent vehicle of criticism of the English Government and its activities. The allegory and the satire, in a sense, are interwoven in extricably and deftly.

                The books of eighteenth century politics of England see in the book, we can find as it is often studied as political or historical allegory.

                The character and action are based on historical or political personages and events. Allegories work as a critical interpretative frame and in historical and political allegories, characters and actions in the text present people and events in real life. Gulliver’s Travels is political allegory in which the text contains symbolic reference the actual people and events in eighteenth century England. Allegory and satire are closely interwoven one form serving the other. In short allegory means a simple that can be objects, characters, figures or colour used to represent an abstract idea or concepts. Swift uses this novel to criticize the political condition of England at the 18^th century.

                Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is not merely the story of Gulliver’s Travels visits to the four islands but it tells something more. Some critics interpret the work as a political satire and also as an allegory.

                An allegory is a story in which double meanings run parallel through the text and the verbal meaning or the surface meaning is not enough for the full appreciation of the work on hand. The verbelum reading of Gulliver’s Travels suggest that Swift tells one thing and means another thing. The first voyage of the book is regarded as a sustained political allegory.

                The critics like Michael Foot, W.A. Speak, Sir Charles firth and A.E. case inquired into the nature of Gulliver’s Travels. They tried to identify the events and the personalities of the voyage to Lilliput with those in Swift’s England. It was argued by firth that the account of Lilliputian was written in 1714 and partly after 1720. He sought to explain the incident of the Lilliputian queen’s indignation at Gulliver’s Travels effrontery in extinguishing the palace fire with his copious urine with reference to the established fact inapt Queen Anne viewed “A Tale of a Tub” with great anger and never forgave Swift for writing it. Moreover, the character of Fimnap refers to Sir Robert Walpole and his skill on the rope symbolizes Walpole’s desclerity in parliamentary tactics and political intrigues while which the cushion that broke his fall represents the Duchesses of Kendal, one of George-I mistresses. The coloured threads represent the orders of Thistle, Bath and Garter.

                The allegory has been divided into four sections referring to four voyages of the protagonist. First voyage refers many allegories and in this voyage Gulliver’s visit to the island of the word Lilliput suggests very small things. The dimension of size is symbolic and the dwarfishness of Lilliputians’ stands for triviality and shallowness of the English Society of Swift’s time. Swift uses the tern high-heels and law-heels and they refer to Whigs and Tories of his times. To be precised low heels stands for Whigs and high heels stands for Tories. Similarly Big Endians stands For Catholics and little Endian stand for Protestants.

                In second voyage, Gulliver visits the island of Brobdingnag next to Lilliput of this land and in this voyage also we can find many allegories which is used by Swift to show the real life style of people at that time in England.

For Example

In the Brobdingnag, the people are giants and everything is magnify on a large scale and Swift has again used the dimension of size to highlight the imperfections and deficiencies of human beings. Gulliver is disgusted at the sight of a woman feeding her child. There is the long description of the abnormal size of the breast of the woman and man Swift praises the normal size and fair skin of English ladies.

In part-III of the book we come across parody of the royal society that pursues strange scientific experiments. There is a satire upon the projectors who hold schemes and projects connected to different fields. The members of different society carry on the experiments must are Miraculous and unbelieving. Swift attacks on the so called scientific inventions and fears, the damage done to mankind through these experiments. Sometimes Swift becomes most bitter and cynic in his satire. His dislikes and hatred for modern civilization becomes intense in the fourth part.  He also starts hating himself for being a part and parcel of the English Society of his time and he depicts all these things in Gullver’s Travels by using allegory.

There are also several allegorical references like, The main events of the time were the “South sea Babble, the return to the of Walpole, the return from the exile of Bolingbrook,  the removal of Carteret from the English cabinet, the supremacy of Walpole and the struggle over woods patent in Ireland. It was the period of the end of Queen Annie’s reigh and the beginning of the George-I who was a Whig presented as a law heel. The reference of the neighborhood state Blefuscue stands for France and there is always the fear of attack from the enemy kingdom. Gulliver’s Travels is interpreted as a political allegory because many events refer to real political events of Swift’s own time. When Gulliver puts out the fire in the palace of Lilliputian empress by urinate, the empress gets energy with him and decides never again to use the palace. This reference refers to Queen Anne who was disgusted with Swift’s publication of “A Tale of a Tub” and Swift’s political career was at stake. He could not get promotion to me higher office in the church.

Similarly Lord Balgolam was that chief enemy of Gulliver in Part-I and he represents the Earl of Nottingham in real life. It was the earl of Nottingham who stopped swift’s promotion. Bolingbroke was in close contact with Swift through correspondence. Swift identifies Gulliver’s condition in Lilliput with the condition of Bolingbroke who was wrongly accused of Treason and exiled from England. In fact Bolingbroke stopped war between England and France. The character of Flimnap the lord Treasurer of Lilliput refers to Robert Walpole of England who involved in politics intrigues. The silken threads awards to winners in Lilliput refer to English distinction.

The green thread represent the order of the thistle revived Queen Anne and the red thread represent the order of the Bath revived by George-I and the blue thread represents the order of Carter Bestowed on Walpole. The character of Raldresal refers to lord Carter. The king of Brobdingang proves to be Swift’s mouth piece contemporary topics and when Gulliver visits the capital of Boarding and meets the miserable beggar’s allusion refers Dublin beggars.

There are several allegorical referrer to life in the Royal court of George-I in the first section of the novel. The Flippancy and hollowness of court life are satirized through the Lilliputian ministers and their antics. The punishment decreed for Gulliver, name of putting out his eyes and starving him instead of putting him to death at once is curiously reminiscent of the crown’s decree on lord Bolingbrook and the earl of Oxford. They were accused of high misdemeanor instead of high treason and hence escape the death penalty, for the sentence only entailed a loss of their titlesss and estates Lilliput’s hostility toward and the battle with Blefuscu brings to mind the antagonism between England and France at the time.

The lat seventeenth century was also the age of scientific enquiry and religious skepticism. Charles-II was a patron of me arts and science. In 1662 he established the Royal society which carried out scientific experiments and encouraged the growth of other branches of learning In the Grand Academy of lagado and its outlandish experiments, Swift found an avenue for satirizing the Royal society, its experiment and publications. The scholars and philosophers of Laputa were so concerned with theoretical abstraction that the practical aspects of everyday living were completely over looked. Laputu is an allegorical representation of the developments with regard to science in the century. The experiments in the academy of Lagado and those practiced in the lands below such as building a house from its roof downwards and the modern methods of cultivation only leave the general populace miserable and the country ruined. This does not however, stop the scientists from continuing with their experiments.

As a political memory of European civilization, Swift presents the aspects of war and the European propensity for destruction, particularly in the parallels that one can draw between Lilliput’s desire to enslave an already defeated Blefescu and the strained relationship between England and France. He also indirectly criticizes the arrogance of European imperialists who “civilized” through brutally and oppression while masking their chief motive which was greed. Patterns of war and destruction are woven into the allegorical motif here to explicate the existing political situation that swift is satirisin.

Conclusion :

                Swift clarifies the objective of his allegory in Gulliver’s Travels. He says that through satire he aims at correcting the vices of his society. He intends to attack the evil of his society and thereby to wake improvement. He hopes the betterment social life of his time. Thus the category the Gulliver’s Travels has basically a moral purpose. At times Swift becomes very laud while conveying his message but otherwise he is not didactic and he has treated the topic taken up most skillfully and delicately. And the parts have deep implications and cut sharp satire on the corrupted English society of the 18^th century.

                Through out the text Swift continues reminding the England of his time. There are differences of opinions among the critics to what extent Swift has used allegory in Gulliver’s Travels. However there are many references that tally with the social political life of the English society of Swift’s time and therefore us to figure out today.

Preface - Wordsworth

Ami C. Jani

Roll no. – 41

SEM – I

Paper no – 3

Year – 2010-11

Topic: Preface to Lyrical Ballads

Submitted to Dr.Dilip Barad

Department of English,

Bhavnagar University.

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The essays here brought together are meant to illustrate English literature criticism during the 19^thnd edition in 1800, show the romantic movement grown conscious an deliberate with results that have coloured the whole stream of English poetry and criticism ever since. The 19^th century, having discarded the dogmas and “rules” of Neo-criticism, had perforce to investigate a fresh the theory of poetry, and though there is no systematic treatment of the subject in all its bearings appeared, some valuable contributions were made, the most notable of which came from the poets themselves.  century. The publication of the Lyrical Bollards in 1798 and of Wordsworth’s preface to the 2

The 1^st volume of these poems has already been submitted to general perusal. It was published as experiment, which might be of same use to a ascertain a section of the real language of men in a state of vivid sensation, of that sort of pleasure and that quality of pleasure may be imparted, which  poet may rationally endeavor to impart.

Wordsworth’s enormous poetic legacy rests on  a large number of poem written by him, but the themes that run through Wordsworth’s poetry remaining consisted throughout. Even the language and imagery he used to embody the preface to Lyrical Bollards. In the second edition of the Lyrical Bollards he wrote preface to defend himself from the negative reviews. 

Wordsworth argued that poetry should be written in the real language of common man, rather than in the lofty and elaborate dictions that were then considered “Poetic”. He believed that the 1^st principle of poetry should be pleasure and so the chief duty of poetry is to provide pleasure through a rhythmic and beautiful expression of feelings. All human sympathy, he asserted, is based on a subtle pleasure principle that is the naked and negative dignity of man.

Wordsworth’s poetic creed initiated the romantic era by emphasizing feeling instinct and pleasure above formality and memoriam. More than any poet before him Wordsworth gave expression to inchoate human emotion.

In the “Advertisement” to the 1798 edition of Lyrical Bollards, Wordsworth and Coleridge state that the poems in the collections were intended as a deliberate experiment in style and subject matter. Wordsworth elaborated on this idea in the “Preface” to the 1800 and 1802 editions which outline his main ideas of new theory of poetry. Wordsworth explained his poetical concept: 

“The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purpose of poetic pleasure”.

And he says that for treat the subject of poem, the subject with the clearness and coherence of which it is susceptible, it would be necessary to give full account of the present state of the public state in this country and to determine how far this taste is healthy or depraved, which, again could not be determined without painting out in what manner language and the human mind act and react on each other, and without retracing the revolutions not of literature alone, but likewise of society itself. 

The principle object, purposed in those poems was to choose incident and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and at the same time; to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, where by ordering things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect and further and above all, to make these incidents and situation interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentiobusly, the  primary laws of out nature chiefly, as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement. Humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because, in that condition the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity, are less under restraint, and speak a plainer and more emphatic language; because in that condition of life out elementary feelings co-exists in a state of greater simplicity and consequently, may be more forcibly communicated because the manners of rural life germinate from those elemtaly  feelings and from the necessary character of rural occupations are more easily comprehended and are more durable, and lastly because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature. The language, too of those men both adopted, purified, indeed from of what appear to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust because such them thoroughly communicate with the best part of language is originally derived, and because from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse being less under the influence of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. 

Accordingly, such a language, arising out of repeated experience and regular feelings is a more permanent and as far more philosophical language than that which is frequently substituted for it by poets, who thinks that they are conferring honor upon themselves and their art, in proportion as they separate themselves from the sympathies of men, and indulge in arbitrary and capricious habits of expressions in order to furnish food for fickle tastes and fickle appetites of their own creation. 

It the experiment with vernacular language was not enough of a departure from the norm, the focus on simple uneducated country people as the subject of poetry was a signal of shift to modern literature. One of the main themes of “Lyrical Bollards” is the return to the original state of nature, in which man led a purer and more innocent existence. Wordsworth subscribed to Rousseau’s belief that man was essentially good and was corrupted by the influence of society. This may be linked with the sentiments spreading through Europe just prior to the French revolution. 

Rejecting the classical notion that poetry should be about relevant subjects and should be composed in a formal style, Wordsworth instead championed more democratic themes the lives of ordinary men and women, farmers,  paupers and the rural poor. In the “Preface” Wordsworth also emphasized his commitment to writing in the ordinary language of people, not a highly crafted poetical one. True to traditional Ballard from, the poems depict realistic  character in realistic situations and so contain a strong narrative element. For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; and though this be true, poems to which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who, being possessed of more than usual organize sensibility, held also through long and deeply. For our continued influence of feeling are modified and directed by our thoughts, which are indeed the representatives of all out past feelings and as by contemplating the relations of these general representation to each other. We discover what is really important to men, so, by the repetition and continuance of this act, our feelings will be connected with important subjects till at length if we be originally possessed of much sensibility, such habits of mind will be produced, that by obeying blindly and mechanically the impulses of those habits, we shall describe objects and utter sentimental of such nature, and in such connection with each other, that the understanding of the reader must necessarily be in some degree enlightened and his affections strong themed and purified. 

Wordsworth views on the theme and subject matter of poetry :

• Object (Subject matter of poetry) : The principle object, them propose in there poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life and to relate and describe them, throughout as far as possible in a selection of language really used by men, and at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, where by ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect and further and above all to make these situations and incidents interesting by tracing in them, truly  though not ostentatiously, the primary, the primary laws of our nature chiefly as regards the manner in which we associated ideas in a state of excitement. 
• Humble and rustic life (Subject matter of purity) : Humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because that condition, the essential passions of the heart finds a better soil in which they can attain their maturity are less under restraint and speak a plainer and more emphatic language because in that conditions of life, our elementary feelings co-exists in a state of greater simplicity, and consequently may be more accurately contemplated and more forcibly communicated because the manners of rural life geminate from these elementary feelings and from the necessary character of rural occupations are more easily comprehended and are more durable and lastly because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature. 
•   Language : The language, too, of those men has been adopted – purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects from all lasting and rational causes of dislike and disgust because such men communicate with the best part of language is originally derived, and because from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse being less under the influence of social variety, they convey their feeling and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. Accordingly, such a language arising out of the repeated experience and regular feelings is more permanent and a far more philosophical language, than that which is frequently substituted for it by poets, who think that they are conferring honor upon themselves and their art, in proportion as they separate themselves from the sympathies   of man serves indulge in arbitrary and capricious habits of expression, in order to furnish food fickle appetites, of their own creation. Thus Wordsworth’s revolutionary of all the idea in his preface . he described the gaudiness and inane phraseology of may modern writers. He insist that his poems are written in “selection of language of men in state of vivid sensation”. His views of poetic diction can be summed up as : “There neither is nor can be any essential difference between the language of prose and metrical composition ”.
• Definition of Poetry : All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling and through this be true, poems to which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects by a man who, being proposed of more man usual organic sensible had also thought long and deeply.

Our confirmed infures of feeling are modified and directed by our thoughts, which are indeed the representative of all our past feelings. By contemplating the relation of those general representatives to each other, we discover what is really important to men, so by the repetition and continuance of this act, our feelings will be connected with important subjects. If we be originally possessed of such sensibility, such habits of mind will be produce that by obeying blindly and mechanism the impulses of these habits, we shall describe objects and utter sentiments of such a nature and in such connection with each other, that the understanding of he reader must necessarily be in some degree enlightened and his affections strengthened and purified.

According to Wordsworth what is a poet ? 

•  He is a man speaking to men :  A man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility more enthusiasm and tenderness.
• He has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, man one supposed to be common among mankind.
• He is a man pleased with his own passions and volitions and who rejoices more than other. Man in the spirit of life that is in him delighting to contemplate similar volitions and passions as  manifested in the goings on of the universe and habitually compelled to create them where he does not find them.
• To these qualities he has added a disposition to be affected more than other men by absent things as if they were present. He has an ability of conjuring up in himself passions, which are indeed far from being those produced by real events, especially in those parts of the general sympathy which are pleasing and delightful. He can better remember the passions produced by real events which other men are accustomed to feel in themselves.
• Then, from practice, he has acquired a greater readiness and power in expressing what he thinks and feels, feelings whichm by his own choice, or from the structure of his own mind, arise in him without immediate external excitement.
• The function of poetry : “Poetry”, according to Wordsworth, is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge, the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science.

          Poetry seeks to ennoble and edify. It is like morning star which throws its radiance through the gloom and darkness of life. The poet is a teacher and through the medium of poetry he imparts moral lessons for the betterment of human life. Poetry is the instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts. Wordsworth’s poetry does not simply delight us, but its also teaches us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical truths about life and religion. Wordsworth believes that “A poetry of revolt against moral ideas is a poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry indifference towards life”.

Conclusion : 

The “preface” is itself a masterpiece of English prose, exemplary in its lucid yet passionate defense of a literary style that could be popular without compromising artistic and poetic standards. It is also vital for us to understand what Wordsworth and Coleridge were attempting in their collection of verse and also provides us with a means of assessing how successfully the poems themselves live up to the standards outlined in the “Preface”. The preface covers a number of issues and wide-ranging in its survey of the place of the Lyrical Bollards on the contemporary literary scene.

Devices Used By Ezekiel

Ami C. Jani

Roll no. – 41

SEM – I

Paper no. – 2

Year – 2010-11

Topic: Ezekiel a poet of India

Submitted to Mr. Devershi Mehta

Department of English,

Bhavnagar University.

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Nissim Ezekiel is a prominent name in 20^th century modern Indo-Angilian literature. He has expressed the spirit of modern times in his poetry. He is a well read scholar and scholarship as well as craftsmanship are well reflected in his poems. Ezekiel uses all the ultramodern techniques of poetry writing and hereby exhibits his high gesthetic  sense in his poems. His poems are the superb combination of the imagination and the reality. 

Nissim Ezekiel is undoubtaly one of the one of the leading poet of Indian English literature. As readers we get the sense of Indianness in all most all his poems. Ezekiel is the poet that gives voice to the lifestyle of a common man who belongs to modern Indian society. The poet not only selects topics for his poems from the life of a middleclass man but also treats this topic simplicity of diction while writing poems. However it doesn’t mean that Ezekiel’s poems are simple to comprehend. On the contorary the poem of Ezekiel with the simple topics and simple treatment becomes difficult to understand because the poet conveys his message poetica of artistically. The poet uses various poetry devices to make his poems effective. It is true that Ezekiel is not addicted to use any particular poetic device recurrently in his poems. Hence we can not identify common devices used in all his poems but Ezekiel’s poetry is a noticeable one. All most all the poem of Ezekiel include statement type of. This structure endows prosaic quality to Ezekiel’s poems. The use of tonal language at once appeals our heart. 

                Nissim Ezekiel is a complex poet in spite of having the quality of simplicity at the outset of the text of his poems. He goes on experimentation using various poetic devices while writing poems and so we hardly come across common poetic devices in Ezekiel’s poetry.

For example, 

The poem’s Background Casusaly begins with a coined compound word ‘Poet – rascal – clown’. Similarly the poem Goodbye Party - For Miss Pushpa T.S. begins with direct address through the word Friends and hereby the device of apostrophe is used. The poem The Patriot begins with the statement type of sentence worded as “I am standing  for peace and non-violence ”. This sentence has the S.V.A. structure. Ezekiel selects the poetry device that suits best to express his ideas, feelings view for belief effectively. 

For example, 

His famous “Poet , Lover, Birdwatcher” offers a complex texture and this texture is interwoven with subtlety and depth. The poet has introduce visual images referring to the activities of all the three that Poet, Lover and Birdwatcher, this images overlap and intermingle with each other. This is the complex poem and it has the unique organic whole, the texture of the poem is a noticeable one and the sentence patterns of the text are also note worthy. Some sentences are very long divided by comma, semicolon, dash etc. The poet has interwoven the life three and the poet has used many infinitives in the poem to say, to watch, to go etc. These infinitives form out a logical category at grammar level. The poet has used the phrase “The hearts dark flour” and there by the metaphor is used. Moreover it is compared with a remote share. The poet has used main adjective words in the text. They are “Best” , “patient”, “timid”, “slow” ,  “rare”, “remote”, “thrones”, “dark” etc. These words form out a lexical category at grammar level. The phrase “Myths of Light” is the example of metaphor. The entire poem tells about Nissim Ezekiel’s skills as a poet and he conveys his vision of beauty. In his poem he the images overlap each other and with the overlapping the poet gains depth in the poem. Design of the poem is a complex one. Realistic aspect and approach are shown by Ezekiel in his poem. Here we can see large use of images. 

The language of “Good bye party for Miss Pushpa T.S.” is a noticeable one the poet has use the conversational language because he drags us the party where people are supposed to involve in a causal talk. The use of conversational language helps to create the atmosphere of the party. Moreover the poet has use present continues tense while writing this poem and the use of the present continuous tense gives the impression that the party is in progress. Beside the poet has used the tonal language in this poem and the tonal language always carries the double meaning. The poet says one thing about Miss Pushpa but he means a opposite of what he says. At surface level he seems to praises Miss Pushpa but at the deep structure he satirizes the life style of the protagonist. The mocking tone lurks continually from the under currence of the text from the poem.  Suggestively or indirect way of conveying the massage is the hallmark quality of Nissim Ezekiel and this quality is perhaps well express in “Good bye party for Miss Pushpa T.S.”. 

Ezekiel’s poem “Edinburgh – Interlude – Lightly” deals with the conversation between the newly wed daughter-in-law with her inlows and the poet has projected the dialogues in the form of the direct speech. The dialogue gives the dramatic effect to the poem. The poet includes the element of the dark humor. The poet wants to say out the status of the married woman in the Indian family. Lines of the poem are irregular and we come across several voices of narration. The diction of the poem is simple one. The entire poem confirms that the poet thinks and comments upon the problems of the society in which he is born and brought up.

The last three sections of the poem begins with the word “said” and this reference is the example of the word deviation and also the structural parallelism. The word “kitchen” is the example of the device of the repetition. The word “girl” is used for the bride and it refers to the device of the substitute. Ezekiel as projected the dialogues that give dramatic effect through the poem.

Ezekiel is well verse in dealing with the domestic theme whole writing poems. 

For example 

His poem “Railway Clerk” begins progresses in a straight forward manners. The diction is also a simple on but the poem gives the vivid picture of the struggle of the middle class men for survives. Ezekiel’s poem “Railway clerk” we can find that the poem is divided into several section and the poet has used the simple present tense while writing the poem. Many lines of the poem begins with the words “I am”. These lines are in continuous present tense and they are the example of structural repetition. The word “Money” has been used four times and it is the example of the device of repetition. More over the same reference also refers to the celliteration. The lines of the text are irregular and the diction of the poem is simple. The poet has used two rhetorical questions that enhance the total effect of the poem. 

Ezekiel always speak for a day man and very often he uses the pronoun first person singular “I” in his poems. It means the narrator and the protagonist of his poem tends to be one and the same and this device makes his poem very effective. 

For example, 

His poem “The Night of the Scorpion” begins with a sentence “I remember the night my mother stuny by a Scorpio” and in “The Patriot” also poem begins with the sentence “I am standing for peace and non-violence !”.

It would be interesting to note Ezekiel’s selection of topics for his poem and the forms as well. The poet is never repetitive and the majority of the topics deals with the domestic problems of the contemporary Indian society especially the family unit. Again the poems like “Night of the Scorpion”, “Railway Clerk”, “Edinburgh – Interlude - Lightly”, “Good bye Party of Miss Pushpa T.S.”, exemplify the above observation. More over the poet uses different type of language in different poems. In other words the diction of Ezekiel’s poetry various from a simple one to the most complex one. 

For example, 

The wording of the “Railway Clerk” and “Edinburgh - – Interlude - Lightly” goes with the day-to-day conversation language where as the diction of “Poet , Lover, Birdwatcher’ is the complex one than his poem “The Visitor” or “Enterprise” also complex to understand. 

Ezekiel is a experimental poet and so he continues projecting different poetic techniques in his poems. The poem like “Poet , Lover, Birdwatcher”The Visitor” introduce visual images and this images endow the poem,  the quality of picturesauness. On the other hand the language of “Railway clerk” is simple and straight forward and it directly communicates the helpesn of the common man in modern Indian society. It is true that the language used in “Edinburgh – Interlude - Lightly” as well as “Good bye Party of Miss Pushpa T.S.” is an tonal language and it carries ironical tone through the text. The poet has introduce in the both the poem under tones. The language of “Good bye Party of Miss Pushpa T.S.” reminds us the famous speech of Mark Anthony after killed Seasor. Ezekiel also uses the device of concealment and through this device he conveys his message indirectly with suggestively. Through the poem “The Night of the Scorpion” poet backed by the philosophical approach. The poet has fully exploited the device of the concealment in the poem.  and “

Ezekiel very often avoids to use familiar and traditional poetic devices like wraitation , regular rhyming scheme etc. The poet also does not always write his poem in meatere, mystery of Ezekiel ‘s poems are metereless poems or prose poems. Ezekiel could be ranked in between the generation of the past poets in the ultramodern poets because he takes something that suits to his spirit from both the generations. Sometimes Ezekiel uses rhyming scheme in his poem and sometimes uses ultramodern poetic devices including sound effects with the help of the poetic devices like onomatopoeia. Ezekiel’s poetry is the combination of both musicality and as well as pictureasauness. Even his pros poems have specific inherent rhythm. The poem “The Night of the Scorpion” gives a vivid visual image in which the poet graphically describe the scorpion in all stuny  the poet’s mother. Many lines of the same poem begin with the helping verb “May” and this lines refers to the structural repetition. In the same poem the poet compare the peasants with of swains of files and thereby the devices of similyis used. In his poem ”The Visitor” he compared an neck craned like a nagging woman and he here also used the devices of simily. 

In Ezekiel poetry we can across various voices of narration. 

For example, 

Those poems in which the poet has used the pronoun first person singular “I” deal with the narrator poet. In other words the poet himself is the narrator as well as the character of such poems. The poet directly talks to the reader of his poem and hereby uses the direct method while writing the poems. In some other poems we come across more than voice of narration. 

For example, 

In the poem “The Night of the Scorpion”, a part from the voice of the poet himself, there is also the voice of neighbors peasant, similarly in the poem “Edinburgh – Interlude - Lightly” we come across several voices of narration like the voice of the daughter-in-law, the father-in-law, the son of the family etc. These voices are introduced through the projection of the dialogues. In the dialogues he gives dramatic effect to the poem by using these type of different devices in his work. 

In many poems Ezekiel directly addressed either the character of the poem or the reader of the poem and thereby the device of apostrophe is used.

           Another striking feature of Ezekiel’s mature style is the use of Hindi Words in his poems. These words creates an illusion of the real life as lived in our country besides showing the poet’s awareness of the native language. There are seven instances of this type in different poems. He uses the word “Guru” as the title of the one of his poem where the other word “Ashram” also occurs. In “How the English Lessons Ended”, the Muslim girl wears “Burkha” while going to school. In “Rural suite” there is a mention of “Bhikshuks” and in “Ganga”, the common nouns “Chapati” and “Pan” occurs. He is capable of turning words into a metaphor, image or symbols as the situation demands.

For example his poem “The Visitor”.

            He conceives of the human beings, both male and female in various ways. For example, 

As a railway clerk, as suffering men, as native Miss Pushpa in “Good bye Party of Miss Pushpa T.S.”, as monkey charmer in “Entertainment”, as a corrupt saint in “Guru”, as a Jew boy in “Background casuagy” , as a poet in “The visitor”. Those men and women belong to the general humanism with all their vices and virtues. The image of woman and common persons and the basement room have a basic unity about them. The poet appears to be concerned with the discovery of the spirit, or we can say, with the image of man in the broadest sense of the term. 

Conclusion : 

Ezekiel’s poetry is full of ambivalent qualities and at the same time it is also marked with the qualities of freshness. Though the poet selects the familiar topics from the Indian context, the treatment of the selected topics is callgainer a novel one. The poet is quite aware of the modern India as well as the trends and techniques prevalent in modern poetry. Ezekiel is not conditioned in any particular term or ideology perhaps because he holds receptivity of mind and mindness is reflected in his poems because he always welcomes what is new and what is worthy to be accepted. Ezekiel has opened up avenues the development of modern indo-anglian poetry. He has definitely inspired the new young poets through his poems.